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| 00:00 | hello again it's uh paul beckwith and i'm continuing to progress through steven salter's powerpoint uh slide on marine cloud brightening okay so he's been working on these ideas for for many many years and it looks very promising as a way to cool the planet if we deploy spray vessels around the ocean at specific regions we can lower sea surface temperatures we can generate clouds or we can actually make the clouds that form much much brighter so we're not actually making the cloud we're not supplying all of the water |
| 00:50 | to generate the cloud droplets but what we're doing is we're supplying the cloud condensation nuclei at the with the right size and the right number densities to generate uh extremely bright low-level clouds which reflect a lot of the sunlight and cool whatever is underneath so by moving these ships in different places at different times of the year with different amounts of of cloud condensation nuclei generation we can actually cool the cool the planet so um i'll just continue where i left off before |
| 01:35 | okay so this shows you the cloud condensation nuclei in particles per cubic centimeter over the ocean in the december january february okay march april may june july august september october november okay so this information is very important in as to where we want to deploy the ships and this is different specific locations um throughout the year the uh cloud the the uh this is dimethyl sulfide which is acts which is uh particles that are released by phytoplankton that are an excellent source of cloud condensation nuclei and |
| 02:22 | this is the nuclei concentration per cubic meter throughout the year at various locations of the ocean okay so we can divide the ocean into different regions and each of these numbers correspond to the graph and we can get the so we can have a rough idea as to where we want to position these ships okay this is the global reflected power gain versus the global spray rate in meters cubed per second and we can see that you know when we start spraying we get the largest effect and as we spray more and more uh we still get an increase in the |
| 03:03 | reflected power but it's not a linear curve it tapers tapers over okay so this is showing this is the relative susceptibility if you like so this is basically in the regions that are reddish and basically in these regions here these areas if we have spray vessels in those regions we will get the most cooling okay and this is a key this is a key result from a model okay this is uh temperature and this is if we sprayed if we increase the number of nuclei under cloudy ocean regions by 50 with spray vessels then this would be |
| 04:04 | the effect on global temperature and on global precipitation so what we could do is we could cause a we could cool the planet okay up to four degrees in the polls and these temperatures here are you know a degree or so you know in most of the ocean so this is what we would do if we increase the number of nuclei in the cloudy ocean regions by 50 percent and the nuclei that we would be generating are tailored to have generate the highest reflectivity cloud formation this would be the precipitation changes in the different |
| 04:42 | regions so we get an increase in precipitation in the desert regions and we get a decrease in precipitation in the regions you know this is the itcz region so we'd basically be taking some of the rainfall out of this region and spreading it into some of these regions which would be a good thing and also a bit less in the polls okay so this is a significant finding here and uh you know what type of vessel do we have well the flatner rotor there was a competition between the exact ship with sails versus these flatner |
| 05:23 | rotors and the ship with the flatner rotor won the race okay so they're wind-powered spinning devices this is the original design for the spaceship so the rotors would generate there'd be a positive force pushing these things forward and a negative negative pressure on the front sort of sucking them forward and then there'd be turbines to generate power to to produce the spray etc but the drag is too great so then it the the iteration in design to improve that was to have these hydrofoils which would then basically |
| 06:02 | move up and down and there's vertical rams here and that would generate the electricity the power to run all of the uh devices in the ship okay and these things really really move quickly these hydrofoil so this is sort of a design of the ship with these modules or compartmentalized modules sort of like the oldest computers where you just slip in a card you know into the slots and uh these would this is sort of the design of the of the spray vessels and this is a conception conceptual view of sort of the general |
| 06:39 | there's a little raft with some people this is sort of the size and these these things would be plying across the ocean okay so um i'm gonna skip some of the details here we'd basically generate this is basically on off we could set up the ships you know to have on off sprays and to generate in order to tailor the cooling you know with both with the number of ships and with the output from each individual ship okay so we might have on off sequences for the spraying in different regions to either you know |
| 07:15 | for example to increase rainfall in the amazon if we wanted to do that so we could we could actually tailor the temperature and the precipitation on various regions of the planet um if we deployed enough of these things and we were smart enough about their control so for example in the this is the indian ocean dipole if it's warmer than average and cooler than average we can get less rain in australia and more rain in africa and we could cool different regions here to get more rain in australia and less rain in |
| 07:49 | africa okay to mitigate that effect so this is australia fires and huge huge very very warm temperatures and kenya excessive rain and flooding now this is the this is a scatter diagram showing the intensities of hurric of of tropical storms okay eastern pacific basin and what you see is when the water temperature reaches you know about uh 26 and a half 27 27 and a half degrees you know there's this there's a huge there's a large increase in the intensity so it's a warm water that fuels these storms so if we were to |
| 08:34 | knock off the sea surface temperature to cooler temperatures the storms would not um amplify as to uh you know to be to be such high categories like category five we'd have a lot we could we could tailor the water temperatures along the routes here to and lower the water temperatures here to mitigate the storm intensities of of hurricanes that hit the us for example because this is all the storms here and um yeah so so that's something that we could do and this is the way that the currents run gulf stream and this these cycles so |
| 09:11 | we're talking about you know we'd cool uh the cooled area this is this is this would be some of the parameters in order to reduce uh the intensity of the storms the hurricanes hitting hitting the u.s east coast so we'd cool a certain area to a certain depth we dropped the temperature two degrees we do it over a period of 200 days and this is the initial nuclei and the spray rate and we'd have 100 vessels and each nuclei lasts about three days and we can put in all of these parameters and figure out |
| 09:47 | you know how many vessels we need and what spray rates to get certain amounts of cooling and here is an example we can play around with the nozzle so this is different nozzles and different divergence angles you know if they were sprayed then you can look at the model here and say well you can't see you know you can look look at all the clouds and say well you can't see any effect of the nozzles but then if you average it out you can see the nozzles here okay so this is uh so this is a key factor right here |
| 10:18 | okay i talked about this at the beginning in the first video okay so okay so let me move this up a bit if the spray vessels worked at full power all of the time we would need a couple hundred vessels to really mitigate the occurrence of el ninos for example 160 vessels working for 200 days we could cool the sea surface temperature enough to reduce the effect of hurricanes like irma for example 42 spray vessels operating over 60 days would would cool the water going up into the arctic um by this amount 242 times 10 to the |
| 11:13 | 18th joules which would be enough to stop the um would be enough to help to restore some of the arctic sea ice okay if we 47 vessels operating for a year we could lower water temperatures to 100 meters by 2 degrees kelvin and protect the barrier reef the coral reefs and if we had 400 vessels operating over 20 years we could cool the oceans enough to go a long way to mitigating sea level rise okay so these are very lofty goals okay but the calculations have all been done for example arctic ice okay if you look at the |
| 12:01 | loss rates of the ice and you know the density of the ice you know the latent heat of fusion the annual energy for melting is just a product of all these things you can get the number of jewels that melt the ice we know the ice area okay so and the here's the ice loss so you can figure out and here's the energy coming in so into the you know into the arctic in the summer and it's all dark in the winter so you'd spray these things uh to reduce the heat going up into the arctic in the summer and you'd mitigate the melting of the |
| 12:41 | ice so you know if you compare these powers needed they're enormous okay but the amount of power coming in from the sunlight you can figure out the number of nuclei the size and the number of vessels and stuff like that i want to go back here to this thing here this is an interesting concept a new unit called the boop so the british petroleum data for the total mean world power consumption in 2019 if we if we whatever it is you can get the number but if we say that's one boop you know one boop here we go |
| 13:15 | the power to offset the greenhouse gas effect on the whole planet would be 47 boops the power to reverse the historic ocean and ice loss ocean heating and ice loss in 30 years needs 23 boops the mean solar input power on the surface of the earth is 93 72 boobs it's all of these red guys okay so this is sort of the scale so in order to reverse the um offset the greenhouse effect for example we need 47. |
| 13:54 | so take the ratio 47 over 93.73 okay and what's that five percent or something okay well sorry one percent of this would be 93 0.5 percent okay 0.5 percent if we reduce the power coming in on the earth by 0.5 percent okay we could offset the greenhouse effect so you can figure out how many spray vessels you would need to do that or how many you would need to reverse sea ice loss okay so there's vast amounts of energy coming in we just need to reduce a small percentage of it in order to provide the the cooling you know and there's data here on sea |
| 14:41 | level rise um sea surface temperatures uh for hurricanes but i want to look at the um i want to look at this guy a little bit so this is a very interesting read you know the ethics and governments but i can't get into it right now running out of time okay thanks for listening |